里德爱思唯尔集团(Reed Elsevier

里德爱思唯尔集团(Reed Elsevier www.reed-elsevier.com
 




里德爱思唯尔集团简介
上市股票： (LSE：REL,Euronext： REN,NYSE：ENL, NYSE：RUK)
成立时间：1993年
总部地点：伦敦 和 阿姆斯特丹
重要人物：CEO: Sir Crispin Davis；Chairman: Jan Hommen
年营业额：£5,398 million (2006)
稅前盈余：£1,210 million (2006)
净利：£623 million (2006)
员工数：36,000
子公司：Elsevier、LexisNexis、Harcourt Education、Reed Business Information
　　 里德爱思唯尔集团（Reed Elsevier）或译里德·埃尔塞维尔‎，成立于1993年，由英国的里德国际公司（Reed International PLC）和荷兰的爱思唯尔公司（Elsevier NV）合并组成，并投资设立了里德爱思唯尔出版集团（Reed Elsevier Group PLC）和爱思唯尔·里德金融集团（Elsevier Reed Finance BV）两家公司。

　　里德爱思唯尔出版集团在英国注册，负责集团内所有图书[出版和线上资料库等业务；爱思唯尔·里德金融集团在荷兰注册，专为里德爱思唯尔集团提供财政、金融和保险服务。

　　2002年，里德国际公司和爱思唯尔公司各分别易名为Reed Elsevier PLC和Reed Elsevier NV。前者在英国伦敦证交所（LSE）挂牌，代码REL，持有出版集团的50%股权和金融集团的39%股权；后者在泛欧股票交易所（Euronext）挂牌，代码REN，持有出版集团的50%股权和金融集团的61%股权。

里德爱思唯尔集团历史沿革
里德国际公司
　　里德国际公司成立于1894年英国，创始人是Albert E. Reed，从新闻用纸制造商起家。公司原以创始人Albert Reed为名，1903年Albert Reed & Co.公开发行，1970后年陆续易名为Reed International Ltd（1970），Reed International PLC（1982），到现在的Reed Elsevier PLC（2002） 。

爱思唯尔公司
　　1951年Elsevier NV出版公司成立

里德爱思唯尔集团旗下出版物
《细胞》(杂志)（Cell）
《柳叶刀》医学期刊|（The Lancet）或译《刺胳针》
荷兰《医学文摘》（Excerpta Medica Database）
《Tetrahedron Letters》
《新科学人》（New Scientist）
    
里德爱思唯尔集团旗下子公司
Academic Press
Butterworth Heinemann
Cahners Business Information
Cahners Travel Group
Churchill Livingstone
Elsevier Business Information
Elsevier Opleidingen
Elsevier Science
Les Editions du Juris-Classeur
LexisNexis
Reed Business Information
Reed Educational & Professional Publishing
Reed Exhibition Companies
Reed Technology and Information Services
Springhouse Corporation
Staempfli Verlag
Martindale-Hubbell
Mosby
Pan European Publishing Company
W. B. Saunders


Reed Elsevier is a global publisher and information provider. It is listed on several of the world's major stock exchanges. It is a FTSE100 and FT500 Global company.[2] The Reed Elsevier group is a dual-listed company consisting of Reed Elsevier PLC and Reed Elsevier NV.[3]
History
The company came into being in Autumn 1992 as the result of a merger between Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and the Dutch science publisher Elsevier NV.[4]

 Reed International
In 1894, Albert E. Reed established a newsprint manufacture at Tovil Mill near Maidstone, Kent.[5] In 1903, Albert E Reed was registered as a public company.[5] In 1970, the company name was changed to Reed International Limited.[5] The company originally grew by merging with other publishers and produced high quality trade journals as IPC Business Press Ltd and women's and other consumer magazines as IPC magazines Ltd.[5] The original family owners, the Reeds, were Methodists and encouraged good working conditions for their staff in the then-dangerous print trade.

 Elsevier NV
In 1880, Jacobus George Robbers started a publishing company called NV Uitgeversmaatschappij Elsevier (Elsevier Publishing Company NV) to publish literary classics and the encyclopedia Winkler Prins.[5] Robbers named the company after the old Dutch printers family Elzevir,[5] which, for example, published the works of Erasmus in 1587. Elsevier NV originally was based in Rotterdam but moved to Amsterdam in the late 1880s.

Up to the 1930s, Elsevier remained a small family-owned publisher, with no more than ten employees. After the war it launched the weekly Elseviers Weekblad, which turned out to be very profitable. A rapid expansion followed. Elsevier Press Inc. started in 1951 in Houston, Texas, and in 1962 publishing offices were opened in London and New York. Multiple mergers in the 1970s led to name changes, settling at Elsevier Scientific Publishers in 1979. In 1991, two years before the merger with Reed, Elsevier acquired Pergamon Press in the UK.[6]

 Recent developments
In February 2007, Reed Elsevier announced its intention to sell Harcourt, its educational publishing division.[7] On 4 May 2007 Pearson, the international education and information company, announced that it had agreed to acquire Harcourt Assessment and Harcourt Education International from Reed Elsevier for $950m in cash.[8] In July 2007, Reed Elsevier announced its agreement to sell the remaining Harcourt Education business, including international imprint Heinemann, to Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group for $4b in cash and stock.[9]

In February 2008, shareholders of Choicepoint voted in favor of acquisition by Reed Elsevier for $4.1 billion. Choicepoint is an American data aggregation company with personal files on more than 220 million people in the US and Latin America. The acquisition was completed in September 2008.[10]

In July 2009, Reed Elsevier announced its intention to sell most of its North American trade publications, including Publishers Weekly, Broadcasting & Cable, and Multichannel News, although it planned to retain Variety.[11]

In September 2009 Reed Elsevier's Technology Division ('RETS'), who provide internal IT support across all business units, announced that European support services would be outsourced to the Indian firm HCL[12].

In April 2010, Reed Elsevier announced that it had sold 21 US magazines to other owners in recent months, and that an additional 23 US trade magazines, including Restaurants & Institutions, Hotels, and Trade Show Week would cease publication. The closures were mostly due to the weak economy including an advertising slump.[13][14]

 Operations
Reed Elsevier conducts its business through the following divisions:

The science and medical publishing division is Elsevier.
The legal publishing division is LexisNexis.
The business division is Reed Business Information
 Key products
ScienceDirect contains over 25% of the world's science, technology and medicine full text and bibliographic information.

Scopus is the world's largest abstract and citation database of research literature and quality web sources. Scopus is updated daily.

Reed Business, Reed Elsevier's global Business division, is a provider of magazines, exhibitions, directories, online media and marketing services across five continents. Its prestige brands serve professionals across a diverse range of industries. These brands include Variety, New Scientist, totaljobs.com, Elsevier, Kellysearch, and the World Travel & Tourism Market.

 Pricing issues
Main articles: Elsevier#Criticism and controversies and Elsevier
Reed Elsevier has been criticised for the high prices of its journals and services, especially Elsevier and LexisNexis. Members of the scientific community have called for a boycott of Elsevier journals and a move to open access publications such as those of the Public Library of Science or BioMed Central.[15]

 Defense exhibitions
Members of the medical and scientific communities, which purchase and use many journals published by Reed Elsevier, agitated for the company to cut its links to the arms trade. Two UK academics, Dr. Tom Stafford of Sheffield University and Dr Nick Gill, launched petitions calling on Reed Elsevier to stop organizing arms fairs. [16][17] A subsidiary, Spearhead, organized defense shows, including an event where it was reported that cluster bombs and extremely powerful riot control equipment were offered for sale.[18][19]

In February 2007, Richard Smith, former editor of the British Medical Journal, published an editorial in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, arguing that Reed Elsevier's involvement in both the arms trade and medical publishing constituted a conflict of interest.[20] He suggested that if academics began to disengage with Reed Elsevier, the company would be likely to end their arms fairs, as arms fairs only comprise a small proportion of their business.

On June 1, 2007, Reed Elsevier announced that they would be exiting the Defense Exhibition business during the second half of 2007.[21]

This means that the company no longer organizes arms fairs around the world. The decision followed a high-profile campaign, coordinated by CAAT, which highlighted the incompatibility of Reed's involvement in the arms trade and their position as the number one publisher of medical and science journals and other publications. CAAT welcomed the decision and applauded the board of Reed Elsevier for recognizing the concerns of its stakeholders.[22]

Elsevier (Dutch pronunciation: [??lz?vir]) publishes medical and scientific literature. It is a part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has operations in the United Kingdom, USA and elsewhere.

Elsevier took its name from the Dutch publishing house, but which had no connection with the present company. The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the Netherlands. Its founder, Lodewijk Elzevir, (1542–1617) lived in Leiden and established the business in 1580.

The company was founded in 1880. Leading products include journals including The Lancet and Cell, books such as Gray's Anatomy, the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, as well as the Trends series, and the Current Opinion series. More recently Elsevier launched the online citation database Scopus and the free researcher collaboration tool 2collab.

Elsevier publishes 250,000 articles a year in 2000 journals.[1] Its archives contain seven million publications. Total yearly downloads amount to 240 million.[2]

In revenue, Elsevier accounts for 28% of the Reed Elsevier group (?1.5b of 5.4 billions in 2006). In operating profits, it represents a bigger fraction of 44% (?395 of 880 millions).[3] Adjusted operating profits have risen by 10% between 2005 and 2006.[4]

 Company figures
7,000 journal editors, 70,000 editorial board members and 200,000 reviewers are working for Elsevier.[1] Each year, the company publishes the original work of more than 500,000 authors in 2,000 journals, 17,000 books, 18 new journals and 1,900 new books.[1]

It is headed by Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Erik Engstrom.[5]

With its headquarters based in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier employs more than 7,000 people in over 70 offices across 24 countries.[1]

 Elsevier's operating divisions
Elsevier has two distinct operating divisions: Science & Technology and Health Sciences. Products and services of both include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks and reference works and cover the health, life, physical and social sciences.

 Science & Technology
Herman van Campenhout is the CEO.

The target markets are academic and government research institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, librarians, scientific researchers, authors, and editors.

Flagship products and services include: VirtualE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Scirus, EMBASE, Engineering Village, Compendex, Cell.

There are the following subsidiary imprints, many of them previously independent publishing companies: Academic Press, Architectural Press, Butterworth-Heinemann, CMP, Digital Press, Elsevier, Focal Press, Gulf Professional Publishing, Morgan Kaufmann, Newnes, Pergamon Press, Pergamon Flexible Learning, Syngress Publishing.

 Health Sciences
The target market is physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical and nursing students and schools, medical researchers, pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, and research establishments. Publishing in 12 languages including English, German, French Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Japanese and Chinese.

Flagship publications include: The 'Consult' series (FirstCONSULT, PathCONSULT, NursingCONSULT, MDConsult, StudentCONSULT), Virtual Clinical Excursions, and major reference works such as Gray's Anatomy, Nelson' Pediatrics, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, and online versions of many journals[6] including The Lancet etc.

There are the following subsidiary imprints, previously independent publishing companies: Saunders, Mosby, Churchill Livingstone, Butterworth-Heinemann, Hanley & Belfus, Bailliere-Tindall, Urban & Fischer, Masson.

 Criticism and controversies
In recent years the subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticised; some very large journals (those with more than 5000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as $14,000, far above average. The company has been criticised not just by advocates of a switch to the open-access publication model, but also by universities whose library budgets make it difficult for them to afford current journal prices. For example, a resolution by Stanford University's senate singled out Elsevier as an example of a publisher of journals which might be "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value" and which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing".[7] Similar guidelines and criticism of Elsevier's pricing policies have been passed by the University of California, Harvard University and Duke University.[8] The elevated pricing of field journals in economics, most of which are published by Elsevier, was one of the motivations that moved the American Economic Association to launch the American Economic Journal in 2009.[9]

 Resignation of editorial boards
In November 1999 the entire Editorial Board (50 persons in total) of the Journal of Logic Programming (founded in 1984 by Alan Robinson) collectively resigned after 16 months of unsuccessful negotiations with Elsevier Press about the price of library subscriptions.[10] This editorial board created a new journal (Theory and Practice of Logic Programming) with Cambridge University Press at a much lower price,[10] and on its side Elsevier continued the publication of the journal with a completely different editorial board and a slightly different name (the Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming).

In 2002, dissatisfaction at Elsevier's pricing policies caused the European Economic Association to terminate an agreement with Elsevier which designated Elsevier's European Economic Review as the official journal of the association. The EEA decided to launch a new journal, the Journal of the European Economic Association.[11]

At the end of 2003, the entire editorial board of the prestigious Journal of Algorithms resigned to start ACM Transactions on Algorithms with a different, lower priced publisher,[12] at the suggestion of Journal of Algorithms founder Donald Knuth.[13]

The same happened in 2005 to the International Journal of Solids and Structures whose editors resigned to start the Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures. However, a new editorial board was quickly established and the journal continues in apparently unaltered form with Editors Prof Hills from Oxford and Dr. Stelios Kyriakides from the University of Texas at Austin.[citation needed]

On August 10, 2006, the entire editorial board of the distinguished mathematical journal Topology handed in their resignation, again because of stalled negotiations with Elsevier to lower the subscription price.[14] This board has now launched the new Journal of Topology at a far lower price, under the auspices of the London Mathematical Society.[15]

The French École Normale Supérieure has stopped having Elsevier publish the prestigious journal Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure[16] (as of 2008).[17]

 Parent organisation links to weapons industry
An editorial in the medical journal The Lancet in September 2005 sharply criticized the journal's owner and publisher, Reed Elsevier, for its participation in the international arms trade.[18] Specifically, Reed Exhibitions organized the Defence Systems and Equipment International Exhibition (DSEi), a large arms fair in the U.K. The authors, appealing to the Hippocratic oath called for the publisher to divest itself of all business interests that threaten human, and especially civilian, health and well-being.[19]

In the March 2007 issue of the The Lancet, leading medical centers including the UK Royal College of Physicians urged Reed Elsevier to sever weapons ties. Doctors spoke out against Reed's role in the involvement of the organizing of exhibitions for the arms trade.[20] Reed Elsevier’s chief executive responded in June 2007 with a written statement agreeing to do so,[21] welcomed by authors of the petition,[22] announcing that it would sell the part of the company which handled military trade shows. The sale was completed in May 2008.[23]

 Chaos, Solitons & Fractals
There has been some recent controversy over the journal Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. There is speculation that the editor-in-chief, M. El Naschie, is misusing his power to publish his work, without peer review. The journal has published 322 papers with El Naschie as author since 1993. The last issue in December 2008 featured 5 of his papers.[24] The controversy has been covered extensively in the blogosphere.[25][26] According to the publisher, El Naschie was replaced as editor-in-chief beginning January, 2009.[27] As of May 2010, the new co-Editors-in-Chief of the journal are Maurice Courbage and Paolo Grigolini.[28]

 Fake journals
At a 2009 court case in Australia where Merck & Co. is being sued by a user of Vioxx, the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine, which had the appearance of being a peer-reviewed academic journal but in fact contained only articles favourable to Merck drugs.[29][30][31][32] Merck has described the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine as a "complimentary publication", denied claims that articles within it were ghost written by Merck, and stated that the articles were all reprinted from peer-reviewed medical journals.[33] In May 2009, Elsevier released a statement by Michael Hansen regarding the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine, conceding that these were "sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked the proper disclosures." The statement further acknowledges that this "was an unacceptable practice."[34] Also in May 2009, The Scientist reports that according to an Elsevier spokesperson, there were five further sponsored publications that "were put out by their Australia office and bore the Excerpta Medica imprint from 2000 to 2005," namely the "Australasian Journal of General Practice, the Australasian Journal of Neurology, the Australasian Journal of Cardiology, the Australasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, the Australasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine".[35] Excerpta Medica is a "strategic medical communications agency" run by Elsevier, according to the imprint's web page.[36]

 Shill reviews
Elsevier has been accused of offering Amazon gift certificates to academics who would write positive reviews at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble of their textbook Clinical Psychology. The company admitted that it had been a mistake and blamed a "rogue employee" for this practice.[37]

 Imprints
Imprints are brand names in publishing. Elsevier uses its imprints to market to different consumer segments. Many of them have previously been the company names of publishers that were purchased by Reed Elsevier.

Academic Press
Architectural Press
Baillière Tindall
BC Decker
Butterworth-Heinemann
Churchill Livingstone
Excerpta Medica
Focal Press
GW Medical Publishing
Hanley & Belfus
Morgan Kaufmann
Mosby
Newnes
North Holland
Pergamon Press
Saunders
Syngress