Fluoro-Gold荧光金

Main Protocol
1. Background The use of Fluoro-Gold is essentially the same as other
fluorescent tracers. The main difference is that Fluoro-Gold is more flexible
in terms of post-injection survival times, concentration range, tissue treatment
and compatibility with other histochemical techniques.
2. Storage and Shelf Life
Dry Fluoro-Gold should be kept in a light tight closed container at 4 degrees
Celsius. Stored properly, Fluorogold should have a shelf life exceeding one year.
The dye in solution should also be kept in a light tight closed container at 4
degrees Celsius and should remain stable for at least six months.
3. Vehicle
Fluoro-Gold can be dissolved in distilled water or 0.9% saline, or utilized as a
suspension in 0.2M neutral phosphate buffer.
4. Dye Concentration
Fluoro-Gold has been successfully used at concentrations ranging from 1-10%.
Initially, a 4% concentration is advised. If undesirable necrosis occurs at the
injection site, or labeling is too intense, reduce the concentration to a 2%
solution. If you need to use more precise measurements, the molecular weight of
Fluoro-Gold is 532.6 daltons.
5. Dye Administration

A. Pressure Injection - This is probably the most frequently used mode of
application. Volumes injected range from .05-1 μ l, typically .1-.2 μ l.

B. Iontophoresis - Discrete, small injection sites result from 4-10 second pulsed
iontophoretic (+5 to +10ua/10min) application.

C. Crystal - A crystal of the tracer can be administered from the tip of a micro-
pipette.

6. Post-0perative Survival Period
Good retrograde labeling has been observed with periods ranging from two days
to two months. Survival periods of three to five days are typical. Long survival
periods enhance filling of distal processes without diffusion of the dye from the
cell.
7. Fixation Almost any fixative, or no fixative, can be used, Phosphate neutral
buffered saline containing 4% formaldehyde is frequently employed. Fixatives
containing high concentrations of heavy metals (e.g. osmium, mercury) will
quench the fluorescence, while high concentrations (over 1%) of glutaraldehyde
may increase background fluorescence
8. Histochemical Processing
Tissue containing Fluoro-Gold may be processed according to virtually any
common histological technique. This includes cryostat sections of unfixed tissue
(10 μ m), frozen sections of fixed tissue (20 μ m), and thin sections cut from
tissue imbedded in either plastic (.2-4 μ m) or paraffin (3-10 μ m). Frozen sections
of fixed tissue are most frequently used.
9. Combined Methods At this point of processing, sections may be further
processed for a second marker such as autoradiography, HRP histochemistry,
immunocytochemistry, a second fluorescent tracer, fluorescent counterstain,
etc.
10. Mounting, Clearing and Coverslipping
Sections are typically mounted on gelatin-coated slides, air-dried, immersed in
xylene, and coverslipped with nonfluorescent DPX plastic mounting media.
Sections may be dehydrated with graded alcohols, unless this is not compatible
with a second tracer. If Fluoro-Gold is to be combined with fluorescence
immunocytochemistry, then sections are air- dried and directly coverslipped with
neutral buffered glycerine (1:2).
11. Examination and Photography Fluoro-Gold can be visualized with a
fluorescence microscope using a wide band ultraviolet excitation filter. A gold
color is emitted when tissue has been processed with neutral pH buffer, whereas
a blue color is emitted when tissue is processed with acidic (e.g. pH 3.3) pH
buffer. It can be photographed digitally or with film (use Ektachrome 200-400 ASA
film for color prints and comparable speed film for black and white prints, for
example Tri-X). Most exposure times range from 10-60 second exposures,
depending on the objective magnification and the intensity of the label. Thirty
(30) second exposures are about average. Multiple exposures may be exploited to
simultaneously visualize Fluoro-Gold and another tracer. Thus, UV would be
combined with bright field illumination to simultaneously locate Fluoro-Gold with
HRP or silver grains in autoradiography. Similarly, blue light excitation can be
combined to also visualize the green emission color of FITC, while green
excitation light may be used to simultaneously observe the red emission color of
propidium iodide, or ethidium bromide (a fluorescent counterstain).
Additional Information Concerning the Use of Fluoro-Gold

Vehicle For pressure injections through a microsyringe or micropipette, Fluoro- Gold should be dissolved in distilled water or .9% saline. Fluoro-Gold may also be utilized as a suspension in .2M neutral phosphate buffer, however, the suspended particles may clog a fine micropipette tip so distilled water or .9% saline is the preferred vehicle. For iontophoresis, a 1% Fluoro-Gold solution is made up in .1M acetate buffer (pH=3.3). Well-cleaned (95% ETOH, water) glass micropipettes should have tips of 10-20 μ m. Optimal iontophoresis parameters are +1 to +5u amps delivered with pulsed current (4-10 seconds on, 4-10 seconds off) over a 10-20 minute period.   Injection Sites Virtually any central or peripheral nervous system structure can be injected with Fluoro-Gold for analysis of retrograde transport. In the peripheral nervous system, ganglia and peripheral targets can be studied. For studies of peripheral nerve, the nerve should be cut or damaged and either dipped in, or injected with, aq 5% solution of Fluoro-Gold. Since Fluoro-Gold is not significantly taken up by intact fibers of passage, the fibers must be cut or severely damaged for uptake of the dye to occur.   Transport and Survival Time Fluoro-Gold is used as a retrograde axonal tracer, although orthograde axonal transport does occur. The survival time should be varied (especially to very short survival times of 12 hours - 2 days) to maximize orthograde transport in the specific neuronal system under study. For retrograde transport, the survival times should be varied from 4 days to 14 days. Seven to 10 days works for most systems, although long pathways (e.g., spinal cord to brainstem) and pathways in large mammals (e.g., cats, monkeys) may require longer survival times (e.g., 14 days). In addition, since Fluoro-Gold remains fast within retrogradely labeled neurons, survival times of several months will also produce excellent results. For iontophoresis, a 2-5 day survival time is recommended. It is estimated that transport occurs at about 2 cm per day for mammals; it is slower for cold-blooded animals. Tissue Processing Tissue processing is covered in detail in the use guide and in the original publication ( Schmued and Fallon, 1986, Brain Research 377:147-154 ). Since Fluoro-Gold is stable in many solvents and remains fast within retrogradely labeled neurons, its use is compatible with many histochemical techniques. It can be used with other retrograde tracers, immunofluorescence, PAP and ABC immunocytochemistry, HRP histochemistry, autoradiography, counterstains (ethidium bromide is the preferred fluorescent counterstain), paraffin embedding and plastic embedding. However, if tissue is unfixed, additional processing of tissue in aqueous solutions for over an hour or two will result in loss of Fluoro-Gold fluorescence from labeled neurons. Fluoro-Gold may be useful in electron microscopy. Fluoro-Gold can be used in a brain which has been sectioned and transferred to phosphate buffer. Sections are typically mounted on gelatin-coated slides, air dried, immersed in xylene and coverslipped with DPX plastic mounting media (FLUKA Chemical Corp., 255 Oser Avenue, Hauppauge, New York, 11788, Catalog #44581). Tissue may also be viewed on slides without further processing, can be run through graded alcohols for dehydration, or, for immunocytochemistry, the sections can be air dried and directly coverslipped with neutral buffered glycerine (1:2).   Examination and Photography Fluoro-Gold is visualized with a fluorescence microscope using a wide band ultraviolet (UV) excitation filter. Use the same filter pack you would for other fluorescent retrograde tracers excited under wide band UV (e.g., True Blue, Fast Blue, Nuclear Yellow), such as the Leitz Ploem filter system A (Wide Band UV, Excitation filter BP 340-380), Mirror RKP 400, Barrier Filter LP 430). Objectives should be made especially for fluorescence microscopy (such as that made by Zeiss) glycerine, or water. Since plastic does absorb UV light, it is not advised to view through plastic petri dishes, etc. Recommended films are T-Max (Kodak, black & white) and Ektachrome 200 (Kodak, color slides). Exposure times usually vary from 20 seconds to 1.5 minutes.   Chemical Analysis

Quality Expected Result Actual Result Appearance A golden-yellow, hygroscopic, crystalline powder A bright-yellow powder Odor None None Solution 20 ml of a 5% w/v aqueous solution should be clean, clear and almost free from suspended matter, and should have not more than a very slight odor Passes Test pH of a 1% Solution Between 4.0 and 5.5 at 25 degrees Celsius 4.6 Spectral characteristics The spectral characteristics of Fluoro-Gold vary with pH A 0.1% solution in distilled water has a pH of 4.5 and excitation peak of 414 nm and emission peak of 541 nm Fluoro-Gold bound to membranes at a physiological pH of 7.4 has an excitation band of 350 to 395 nm and an emission band of 530 to 600 nm Chloride Not more than 0.035% 0.017% Sulfate Not more than 0.1% Less than 0.05% Sulfated ash Not more than 0.1% Negligible Heavy metals Not more than 10 p.p.m Less than 10 p.p.m Selenium Not more than 30 p.p.m Less than 10 p.p.m. Loss on drying Not more than 1.0% after 3 hours in vacuo at 60 degrees Celsius 0.1% Assay Between 95.0 and 105.0% calculated with reference to the dried material 99.2% Notice: The original and only true Fluoro-Gold (Fluorogold) is produced by Fluorochrome, LLC and marketed by Fluorochrome, LLC and Histo-Chem Inc.

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